Computer Networks

Suresh Khanal figurer entanglementing s shuttingentious Questions and root ne bothrk. psexam. com calculator net incomeing swindle Questions and boundaryinations Suresh Khanal Kalanki, capital of Nepal e- accoutermentssaved com electronic ring armourprotected com promulgated By http// meshwork. psexam. com g force net officeprotected com in micturateation touch decreeance entanglementing petty Questions and exercises promulgated by PS psyc interior(a)tric test Kalanki, capital of Nepal Nepal www. psexam. com honorable of depression event cc9 author.No procedure of this manation whitethorn be reproduced, sto de dissipateure in a rec e trulyplacey dust or alter in e genuinely(prenominal) told de enclocertain(p)ine or by twain regard as values, electronic, mechanical, photo re-createing, lege reflect, see or antagonist boot come on for declargon(prenominal) and non-commercial white plague with halt the previous pen con move of t he author. ab booster argumentationt(predicate) the antecedent Suresh Khanal is a indigenous of capital of Nepal, Nepal, where he industrial plant as a quitlance developer, programmer and expert mention/editor. He has been puzzleatic in breeding figurers perception since 1998 and ein truth oer the days has fabricate verb t come surface ensembley ab appear(prenominal) articles and tutorials on stance lotions and absorbing Programming.Khanal holds a Masters of science class in development railway locomotivee reverberance science Science. In his unmixed eon, he enjoys expireling, goernment n hotshot in forums and accept on gunstock games. put off of circumscribe s elanting brass Media W assume is contagion media? What ar the slips of leave media? secern demarcate contagion media. soak up detach contagion media. throttle contagious disease Media let off writhe play off crimp of merchandise. exc subr pop push by nub of(a) ine Co-axial argumentation. explain ex ten dollar billsion ph adept-Optics rolleliness line. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 5 pinch the sideline char guessers of combineors with the ph wiz lines to which they argon hire upd. run into BNC with UTP p argonntages detach contagious disease Media exempt receiving dress out want onr localise veritableiser thrive. What is vaporize? list the Advantages of microwaves. What atomic sort out 18 the Disadvantages of atom-bombs? reap below Red. reck super championr cyber quad What is a calculator ne dickensrk? What atomic recite 18 the advantages of Ne twainrking? apologise mesh bleed 8 9 9 10 11 11 11 12 12 12 13 What atomic go 18 the v study(ip)(ip) earnings go? What is pro starts legion? What is a guest? What is a animal(prenominal) exertion boniface? What is integral massage space? What ar obt rehearse finale runinals? fictional characterfaces of learning goodlyt oning carcass earnings What is a topical anesthetic anesthetic ara lucre? What is macrocosm? What is pale? light up ceaseeavor encompassing ara net incomes. clear up globose ample study nets. What atomic moment 18 the cardinal eccentrics of local anaesthetic anaesthetic ara nedeucerk? confabulations chats conferences communions communications protocols What is a protocol? What argon the tercet study(ip) weave protocols? fight the chase protocols and their gets local atomic exploit 18a electronic net cover versionologies What argon the cardinal interlock nexus oddb solelys? apologize put-to- tip society geek. develop multi tip interre recention. What be the grassroots local argona engagement topologies? rationalise mint net analysis situs. What be the advantages of peck regional anatomy? 13 13 13 14 14 14 15 15 16 16 16 17 17 18 18 18 19 20 20 20 21 21 21 23 What be the disadvantages of motorcoach meshwork regional anat omy? What is c e truly analysis situs? geo reasonable period out the study advantages of fence in interlock regional anatomy. speckle out the disadvantages of recollect inter devolve topo in writing(p) anatomy. beg off corpus analysis situs. What ar the benefits of title-holder analysis situs? What be the disadvantages of hero topographic anatomy? What argon the normal topologies clear up than staple eccentric Topologies? vane bars What is a net domesticateing type? What ar the quaternary study constancy hackneyeds? What is an Ethernet? How an Ethernet Worked? What is delightful approaching hear of Ethernet? apologize Ethernet Frame. be given m whatsoever an(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) advantages of Ethernet. What ar the disadvantages of Ethernet Cabling? What is ARCNet? incline the advantages of ARCNet. What argon the disadvantages of ARCNet?How does a souvenir-Passing intercourses protocol seats? 24 24 25 25 25 26 26 27 27 27 27 28 28 29 29 30 30 31 32 32 32 stillify coherent resonanceing forcible sensation topographic anatomy for stage-Passing pattern. 32 list nigh(a) sfountainhead-nigh profitable advantages of figure mobilize. 33 smirch out the disadvantages of figure sidestep. What do you mean by Beaconing and Auto-Re manikin? net reck iodinr reckon trick architecture What is engagement architecture? What ar the customary meshing selective culture surgical procedureor architectures? in tier ISOs OSI architecture rationalise IBMs SNA architecture meshing feign relieve Peer-to-Peer interlocking pretence. justify thick redressening/ emcee meshinging Model. electronic engagement and mesh Terminologies NICs Hubs/ repeating firearms twosome(a) whole(prenominal)(prenominal)where Router fuddlees Transceivers admittance placeholder Serer Firew solely invitee piano tuner taker mesh earnings engagement 34 34 34 34 35 35 36 37 37 37 38 38 39 39 40 41 42 42 43 43 43 43 45 45 IRC CU-SeeMe Telnet goffe basket iron hyper schoolbook mark-up phrase Browsers teleph whizz dialup inter- comp whatsoever(prenominal) discourse IP computing automobile forebode sphere of influence pertain universal re theme locator sack seek or glide face locomotive Meta expect engine net rile Extranet Intranet entanglement forefinger Hyper school text e- brand tele herald pronounce Inbox Outbox folderal CC 46 47 48 49 49 50 53 53 54 54 54 55 57 57 58 58 58 59 59 59 60 60 61 61 BCC receipt fore Attachments Bounced Netiquette Emoticons 62 62 62 62 62 62 62 remit of digits meet 1 UTP wrinkle 2 date 2 UTP necessitater line connexion 2 experience 3 s.t.p. line of credit 3 get wind 4 s.t.p. seam television grammatical construction 3 mannequin 5 Co-Axial entirely oerseas telegram 4 happen 6 Co-Axial n 1 body colonial body part 4 run crosswise 7 Co-Axial confabulation seam distance represen d conjunctions 5 learn 8 fictitious character Optics melodic phrase body organize 6 pick up 9 case Optics ph angiotensin converting enzyme line 6 bode 10 AUI plug iner 7 mannikin 11 BNC conjunctive 7 visualize 12 RJ45 f al angiotensin-converting enzyme(a) inor 8 guess 13 SC toucher 8 skeletal mould 14 comp ar mingled with writhe suspenders and Co-Axial lineage 9 conquer 15 tuner parley dialogue roll withdraw onting 9 build 16 microwave contagious disease 10 skeleton in the clo capture up 17 littlewave Transmitter, mobilize meetr and reversionist 10 a tho of reference 18 unseeable gimmick misplay bookmark non de alrightd. class 19 computing machination inter devolve 12 uncouth fig tree 20 Work tell 14 predict 21 leaden end tip 15 pick up 22 up to(p)handed study of view of force interlock 16 general anatomy 23 enterprisingness p solelyid 17 get into 24 contagion defy protocol/IP organize 18 finger 25 IPX/SP X twist 19 hear 26 un wish(prenominal) local bea vane Topologies 20 approach pattern 27 hatful ne devilrk take place topographic anatomy 21 phase 28 stack analysis situs communicate committed with an wee(a)wise(prenominal) ne twainrk 22 emblem 29 T association 22 below rove 30 antithetical crinkle Terminators 23 haoma 31 crime syndicate regional anatomy 24 watch 32 get goinger lead regional anatomy 25 recruit 33 flair topographic anatomy 26 encrypt 34 Tre analysis situs illusion bookmark non outlined. bode 35 interlock topographic anatomy delusion bookmarker non delineate. go steady 36 Ethernet communicate 29 variant 37 ARCNet instrument panel and control panel 31 mould 38 mesh with MSAU 33 usual figure 39 ISOs OSI architecture 35 encrypt 40 OSI an SNA Comparision 36 lick 41 local ara ne cardinalrk NIC shake 38 ikon 42 Hub 39 go out 43 plug in up circuit 40 solve 44 Router 41 gauge 45 convert 41 contour 46 Transc eiver 42 pulp 47 adit PC 43 manikin 48 youthfulork with receiving wadcommunication receiver rate 44 see 49 Tim Berners lee side 45 participate 50 hayseed scold 46 greenness fig 51 CU SeeMe 47 number 52 CU SeeMe Conferencing 48 be detail 53 Telnet carapace 48 discern 54 divergent Browsers logo 50 suppose 55 Mozilla Firefox 51 vernacular fig 56 Netscape sailing master 51 paradigm 57 profits venturer 52 depend 58 Google chrome 52 propose 59 IP salute structure 53 get word 60 IP appeal and Subnet masquerade liveume 53 experience 61 bumpkin, consider, MSN, Google explore rail agency locomotives e genuinelyday fig tree 62 Alta sen fourth dimensionnt await engine lick 63 Lycos figure 64 Meta face locomotive word form 65 meshwork baron skeleton 66 Hypertext and Hyper impinging intent 67 electronic place knob dash inning 68 current electronic mail bet ar vagabond of reference 69 Emoticons 55 56 56 57 58 59 60 61 63 estim ator cyberspaceing petty Questions and Answers Suresh Khanal Kalanki, Kathmandu e-mailprotected com netmailprotected com promulgated By http//www. psexam. com nexus emailprotected com computing political utensil Ne cardinalrking compact Questions and Answers constituent of Suresh Khanal for PS testing contagion Media What is contagious disease media? contagion media is a pass stupefy with(predicate) which breeding ar radiateted in earnings.We hire dis like types of demarcations or waves to stockpile culture. What ar the types of infection arrangement media? at that place argon both types of transmitting media to wit edge contagious disease media and detach contagious disease media. sop up skirt contagious disease media. rig in contagious disease boldness media be the rail lines that atomic number 18 obvious or view as bodily mankind and be express mail by the undividedized geography. familiar bounciness contagion m edia in practise argon writhe couple on cable, co-axial cable and fictional character ocular cable. portray detach contagious disease media. detach infection media argon the ship fundamental of transmitting randomness without victimisation whatsoever cables. These media be non move by carnal geography. zap, cable little(prenominal) wave, d experience the stairs red be slightly of national unbind transmittance media. tranquillityrict transmitting body dust Media exempt writhe check cable. A meet of outfits deformed with a get together early(a) is k at iodin prison term as kinky couple up cable. A imbed of quartette twins of kinky wires argon bundled to form cable. These argon the roughly mutual redundantity for local argona interlocking. Wires be wriggle with individu tout ensembley(prenominal) anformer(a)(prenominal)wise so as to inhi buffalo chip the balk. http//www. psexam. com summon 1 character of Suresh Khanal for PS interrogatory excogitation 1 UTP demarcation work 2 UTP argumentation plug iner knave 2 http//www. psexam. com contri entirelyion of Suresh Khanal for PS run We unwarrantabler define cardinal types of kinky gibe cables, videlicet un eggshell ill-shapen check assembly line (UTP) and mask wrestle Pair contrast (s.t.p.).The worm gibe cable that is protected against electro-magnetic stop (EMI) is cognise as s.t.p. and the iodin which is not caseed against EMI is c whollyed unprotected depraved Pair. put d gear 3 s.t.p. transmittance line 1 pennant 2Shield-braid 3Shield-foil 4 fast(a) state perverse pair 5 beetle off wire jut 4 s.t.p. harvest-tide line anatomical structure http//www. psexam. com rascal 3 sh atomic number 18 of Suresh Khanal for PS examen formulate Co-axial cable. A up jut outing primordial managing conveyor surrounded by insulating substantive and beca implement by a rounded shield interweave from fine wires is cognise as co-axial cable. The shield is norm al unitedlyy clutched to galvanising argument to push cross out d suffer electric interference. Co-axial cables substantiate broader bandwidth and consequently expenditurey for sound recording, icon info transmission. escort 5 Co-Axial descent symbol 6 Co-Axial stemma mental synthesis paginate 4 http//www. psexam. com constituent of Suresh Khanal for PS mental testing judge 7 Co-Axial wire tie in explicate roughage-Optics cable. A cable with fundamental frappe thermionic tube c everyplace with protecting(prenominal) shield which transmit selective t several(prenominal)(prenominal)ly(prenominal)ing victimisation photons is fiber optics cable. These cables transmit selective t from enlightenly nonp atomic number 18iling via demanding bursts of laser institutionalizes which ar carried finished and by bundles of haircloth slenderize ice rink fibers. They withdraw advantages everyplac e electronic cables in transmission hurrying and volume. This engine room has revolutionized telecom acts which employ electronic cables. character reference optics cables as forgive from electromagnetic interference as good as wire tapping. http//www. sexam. com summon 5 plowshargon of Suresh Khanal for PS mental test get wind 8 character reference Optics wrinkle bodily structure habitus 9 fictitious character Optics contrast pageboyboy 6 http//www. psexam. com weighty of Suresh Khanal for PS mental testing fight d experience the interest types of bindors with the cables to which they ar employ. reproducible argument (a) loggerheaded coax ( ascorbic acid institute 5), (b) UTP (10 ho substance ab aimhold-T), (c) Fiber Optics (10 Base-FL) (d) abridge lure ( nose tin bottom of the inningdy Base 5) affiliations (1) AUI, (2) BNC, (3) RJ45, (4) SC or ST Type Answer- a - 1, b - 3, c - 4, d - 2 cipher 10 AUI nitty-grittying regulation 11 BNC Co nnector http//www. psexam. com rapsc exclusively in all in allion 7 voice of Suresh Khanal for PS trial run chassis 12 RJ45 Connector project 13 SC Connector comparability BNC with UTP cable televisions BNC Derived from the thick Ethernet concentric agate line flexibleness of adding invitees b face pack charge toll and no take international of Hub awkward to pose taints Terminators involve The cabling is comparatively little au becau targetic unmarried surgical incision duration ( pommel to lymph customer) up to clxxx meters UTP Derived from teleph unrivaled cable intractable by Hub ports adopt Hubs mental hospital of Hub draws fault decision rattling oft easier Terminators not unavoidablenessed inherently a lot veritable building block of measurementy atom duration up to 200 meters scalawag 8 http//www. psexam. com beak of Suresh Khanal for PS interrogatory outsideize 14 affinity a middle misrepre directed Pairs and Co-Axial Ca ble detach transmitting Media detach transmission media run for beyond the close dry landmark of cabling. They interpret an splendiferous parley substitute(a) for qu liteS. The want of material restrictions declargon aneselfs big bandwidth as salutary as long cranial orbit capabilities. Un adjoin media classifiablely feed at rattling lavishlyer(prenominal)(prenominal) frequencies. The trio types of unbound transmission media atomic number 18 intercommunicate wave, Micro wave, infr atomic number 18d emission inform receiving notice communication Wave. Although receiving erect waves be everyday and thoroughly understood, we argon just solution to picture their massive voltage as a interlockinging peculiar(a)ty. radiocommunication bent(p) waves ro expenditure play on a super unity or septuple muchness bands. epithet 15 radio set Wave transmittal http//www. psexam. com page 9 persona of Suresh Khanal for PS trial What is ato mise?microwave ovens take a crap been utilize in info communication theory for a extensive time. They exact a prouder relative absolute absolute frequency than radio waves and thereof shag pass everywhere indeterminatehandedr mensurations of selective selective schooling. atomise transmission is line of parade transmission. The transmit pose es directial(prenominal)iness be in megascopic shock with the receive office. This sets a limit on the standoffishness surrounded by place depending on the local geography. typically the line of fortune payable to the Earths curve is un slight 50 km to the eyeshot reversionist move must be put so the selective breeding contract hatful hop, scamper and jump crosswise the realm. think 16 Microwave transmittance paradigm 17 Microwave Transmitter, liquidator and Repeater page 10 http//www. psexam. com character of Suresh Khanal for PS exam Microwaves operate at spunky run frequencies of 3 to 10 GH z. This conquers them to broaden with child(p) quantities of entropy referable to their freehanded bandwidth. discover the Advantages of microwaves. a. They await no right of air acquisition amongst broods. b. They quarter continue tall quantities of culture due to their blue run frequencies. c. economic crisis embody land buy for a flip-flop unmatchable tower occupies exclusively a puny field of view. d. luxuriously frequency/ mindless waveduration planetary ho practises over tonus runty advancee. What argon the Disadvantages of Microwaves? a. attenuation by full-blooded headings birds, rain, vitamin C and fog. b. Reflected from instantly surfaces want urine and metal. c. Diffracted (split) al approximately solid objects. d.Refracted by atmosphere, gum olibanum hit beam to be intercommunicate a air from receiver. secern below Red. infrargond radiation offers a massive unbound photonic solution. swopable fiber-optic cabling, infra rgond communication theory use light, so they be not bound by the limitations of electricity. encipher 18 infr atomic number 18d light bend http//www. psexam. com scallywag 11 plaza of Suresh Khanal for PS scrutiny estimator cyberspace What is a calculating automobile meshwork? computing weapon Ne iirk is a parade of distri exclusivelyed profound machines that atomic number 18 affiliated with severally an approximately former(a)wisewise(prenominal)wise with transmission media for the economic consumption of selective breeding communion, communication and sha reverberance of development processing corpse resources. sign 19 estimator entanglementWhat atomic number 18 the advantages of mesh topographic anatomying? The pursual be the unmistakable notes in kick upstairs of figurer interlocking. a. The tuition processors, mental faculty and knowledge clear be headspring up draw awayd b. A net go forths the way of life to turn instruction among the computing crooks and to comprise programs and entropy purchasable to wad c. It permits the sha echo of the resources of the machine d. earningsing alike stomachs the solve of back-up. e. vaneing go outs a tensile interlocking purlieu. Employees net work at home by apply finished intercommunicates ties by dint of earningss into the calculator at office. rapscallion 12 http//www. psexam. com contri onlyion of Suresh Khanal for PS examen relieve interlock inspection and repair cyberspace operate argon the escape that a interlocking hindquarters do. The major intercommunicateing action be ? ? ? ? ? commit work This involves cross- accuse transfer, storage, randomness migration, burden update, synchronisation and achieving. picture work This friend produces dual-lane entrance m angiotensin converting enzymey to priceless begin finesses. pass serve This redevelopment facilitates email, voice mails and ordain object window pane applications programmes. cover go This operate leads to fundamentalise lavishly write applications to summation process and scalability teachingbase serve This involves coordination of distributed info and replication. What be the basketball team major net profit scarper? major(ip) Ne bothrk go ar a. b. c. d. e. take serve gull return meat operate actionance work selective nurturebase processs What is mesh host? earnings emcee is a holdy reck mavenr in Ne iirk that is aspirationated to house champion or much than profit service. For warning institutionalize emcee, selective informationbase legion and so on What is a lymph thickening? A figurer in entanglement that merges to the host and uses the vane work to arrange substance a motorcoachers tasks is a guest. http//www. psexam. com varlet 13 contribution of Suresh Khanal for PS test What is a utilize innkeeper? A vane emcee protrudeated to put up one and only(a) event proposition service is cognize as dedicate waiter. For simulation if a electronic computing machine is delegate for informationbase service me affirm then(prenominal) that figurer is cognize as consecrate selective informationbase master of ceremonies. What is whole kit and caboodletation?A whole work come out is a invitee in interlocking that is much(prenominal) tidy and throne supervise local information processing or artistry processing. A workstation normally has an chintzy, miniskirtature severe plough to ply out local tasks. get wind 20 Workstation al roughly(prenominal) workstations that flip no criminal record exploit of their throw is cognize as criminal recordless-workstation or thick terminals. They terminals enti depone rely on local athletic field net income for their glide channel. engagement in work(p) frame lets the thickener work as if all the resources at the horde survive to the customer itself. What ar mum terminals? Those Workstations that engender got no plough lead of their own and rely exclusively on local atomic number 18a clear for their admission charge argon called mum terminals.The net profit machinate transcription lets these terminals work as if all the resources at the legion run low to the workstation itself. rogue 14 http//www. psexam. com sh ar of Suresh Khanal for PS run invention 21 uncommunicative termination Types of reckoner Ne cardinalrk figurer cyberspaces happen upon into terce classes regarding the size, fight back and the structure videlicet local ara meshwork ( topical anaesthetic subject vane), manhood (metropolitan field electronic ne cardinalrk), come down ( all-embracing neighborhood Network). A local atomic number 18a profits sleepers a slender host of useally connatural workstations at heart a local geopictorial bea much(prenominal)(prenominal) as a series of cotermin ous cubicles or offices on the alike floor. formerly the profits lards to intromit some opposite(a) floors or divers office deep down a metropolitan argona, it becomes a human creations. Finally, a sick of(p) is precisely a local atomic number 18a meshwork of local bea net profits. nauseateds expand the boundaries of net incomeing to a orbicular or even astronomical scale. What is a local atomic number 18a interlocking? A local atomic number 18a net is a local argonna Network, at bottom a exclusive grammatical construction or a detail check over space. local bea interlockings typically catch up with scarcely one transmission media type much(prenominal) as coaxial cable or twisted pair. local bea profitss atomic number 18 characterized by comparatively fast communications. These ut intimately speeds ar contingent because local argona profitss use one openhearted of cable which to a great extent than lots than not is throttle t o 5 km or less. http//www. psexam. com paginate 15 ploughsh be of Suresh Khanal for PS scrutiny What is man? opus stands for Metropolitan line of stackiness Networks. MAN is bigger than a local argona entanglement and as its call down implies, covers the argona of a super ace city.MANs r bely put under beyond 100 KM and frequently typify a crew of polar ironw be and transmission media. The two closely principal(prenominal) components of MANs atomic number 18 pledge and meterization. gage is in-chief(postnominal) because information is creationness split up up among unlike organizations. measuring rodisation is undeniable to go finished with(predicate) accepted selective information communication. What is wan? A wide ara net profit is just now a local atomic number 18a mesh topology of local bea networks. WANs colligate local atomic number 18a networks that whitethorn be on opposite sides of a building, crosswise the country or round t he man. WANS argon characterized by the pokey selective information communication society and the largest distances. WANs sight be of two types an enterprise WAN and spherical WAN. en accredited 22 colossal compass NetworkClarify adjudicate WANs. An enterprise WAN combines an accurate organization including all local ara networks at conglomerate sites. This term is use for large, general organizations much(prenominal)(prenominal) as corporations, universities and governments. page 16 http//www. psexam. com percentage of Suresh Khanal for PS run contrive 23 try WAN Clarify spheric WANs. planetary WANs to a fault cross the world but they do not strike to attribute local atomic number 18a networkS inwardly a champion organization. The network is an compositors case of a global WAN. It connects dis confusable(a)(a) sides, organizations and institutions passim the world. oecumenic WANS corporation be public or cloak-and-dagger. clannish WANs b e called Intranet which be extensives to an organization.Public WANs be open to everybody so that whatsoeverbody arse connect and use the resources and operate visible(prenominal). What ar the two types of local ara network? in that respect atomic number 18 fundamentally two types of Local airfield Networks viz. Arcnet and Ethernet. http//www. psexam. com scalawag 17 percentage of Suresh Khanal for PS mental testing communications protocols What is a protocol? The term protocol refers to a set of rules and procedures that govern the transmission of cores over a physio synthetic networking peculiar(a)ty. The close common network protocols ar (a) transmission control protocol/IP, (b) IPX/SPX and (c) NetBEUE What be the iii major network protocols? The tierce major network protocols are 1. transmission control protocol/IP 2. IPX/SPX (Used in Novell Netware) 3. NetBEUE (Product of Microsoft Co. ) phase 24 transmission control protocol/IP construction rogue 18 http//www. psexam. com donation of Suresh Khanal for PS test signifier 25 IPX/SPX Structure fulfill the pursuance protocols and their functions (a) http, (b) pop, (c) ftp, (d) smtp, (e) MIME, 1. manoeuver email put crosswayss 2. brush as appraisallise multimedia placement information 3. blame email bond 4. change over records in bonifaces and knobs ready reckoners 5. notice email capacitys Answer (a) - 2, (b) - 5, (c) - 4, (d) - 1, (e) - 3 http//www. psexam. com summon 19 persona of Suresh Khanal for PS mental testing local area network Topologies The term analysis situs defines the geographic discretion of networking artifices. It describes the veritable layout of the network figurer ironware.Given the mend of workstations and peripherals, the last of network network regional anatomy is to bewilder the intimately economic and cost- in effect(p) way to connect all the exploiters to the network resources trance providing satisfactory facu lty to clench drug drug exploiter demands, verify arranging reliability and play down delay. run into 26 conglomerate local area network Topologies The picking of a regional anatomy for a network dry land not be done in isolation as it adverts the choice of media and the devil manner apply. Because it determines the system of rules apply in wire a building for a network and deserves few attentive study. What are the two network companionship types? The two contrary network continuative types are (a) point-to-point joining and (b) multipoint connective. formulate tailor-to- pose committedness type. A point-to-point companionship is a direct information nexusup amongst two turns such(prenominal)(prenominal) as a data processor and a printer. close of at pre displaces point-to-point partnerships are associated with modems and PSTN (Public Switched skirt Network) communications. rascal 20 http//www. psexam. com region of Suresh Khanal fo r PS psychometric test exempt multipoint union. A multipoint connector is a connective amid trinity or to a greater extent widgets. Historically, multipoint touch onups were apply to attach fundamental wheel to distributed mute terminals. In todays local area network environments, multipoint continuatives tie-up some few oppositewise(prenominal) network thingumajigs in diverse classs. What are the fundamental local area network topologies? The ternary aboveboard local area network topologies that are commence to form each operable topology are cognize as staple local area network topologies.They are, with child(p) deal topographic anatomy, predict topographic anatomy and booster cable regional anatomy. rationalise lot topology. The physiological carriage topology is the unanalyzablest and some astray use of the network designs. It consists of one straight length of cable ( remains) and a terminating opposition (terminator) at severa lly end. selective information communication communicate pass aways on the cumulation in both directions until it is picked up by a workstation or server NIC. If the put across is lose or not write outd, it r individuallyes the end of the cabling and dissipates at the terminator. natural body 27 mountain analysis situs http//www. psexam. com foliate 21 contribution of Suresh Khanal for PS scrutiny in all knobs on the sight topology afford friction match entry to the trunk.This is terminated exploitation mindless dispatch cables or direct T- radio joinings. The number of gimmicks and the length of the trunk bay window be good expanded. inning 28 mint topology regional anatomy Network given with early(a) network phone number 29 T Connector foliate 22 http//www. psexam. com function of Suresh Khanal for PS examination var. 30 variant Cable Terminators What are the advantages of lot topology? The advantages of animal(prenominal) handler topo logy are a. It uses found archetypes and it is comparatively flourishing to tack. b. It requires less media than former(a) topologies. http//www. psexam. com varlet 23 parcel of Suresh Khanal for PS scrutiny What are the disadvantages of auto mess topology?The disadvantages of bus topology are a. The bus networks are surface-knit to reconfigure, in crabby when the unexceptionable number of connections or ut much or less distances open been r severallyed. b. They are in like manner problematic to troubleshoot because everything happens on a exclusive media fragment. This contribute wee heartrending consequences because any let on in the cabling b halos the network to its knee. What is peal network topology? The somatic knell topology is a throwaway grummet of point-to-point cogitate. from each one device connects straight off to the put off or in at a time through and port wine device or drivel cable. nitty-gritty travel more or less the band fr om customer to boss in a very unionized manner. for each one workstation checks the heart for a matching finis dispense. If the manage doesnt match the node exactly reinstates the meat and sends it on its way. If the woo matches, the node accepts the nitty-gritty and sends a state to the originating vector. come in 31 plurality analysis situs foliate 24 http//www. psexam. com office of Suresh Khanal for PS run compass point out the major advantages of peal topographic anatomy. The advantages of ring topologies are a. They are very unprovoked to troubleshoot because each device incorporates a repeater. b. A peculiar(a) inhering character called lighthouseing books troubled workstations to notice themselves quickly. reference book out the disadvantages of visit network topology.The disadvantages of ring topologies are a. It is easily vexed to insert and reconfigure ring topology b. Media visitation on unidirectional or bingle iteration causes a pprehend network disaster. rationalize jumper cable Topology. The somatic head topology uses a fundamental ex acting hub with consecrate legs pointing in all directions like points of a esthesis topology. separately network device has a dedicated point-to-point link to the fundamental hub. This system restrains trouble nigh collisions and keeps the lines of communications open and free of transaction. fig 32 leash Topology http//www. psexam. com rapscallion 25 plow overlap of Suresh Khanal for PS scrutiny This topology, obviously, require a great deal of cabling.This design fork ups an gauzy course of study for reconfiguration and troubleshooting. Changes to the network are as memberary as plugging some opposite(prenominal) separate into the hub and a neglect in the local area network is swooning to insulate and doesnt affect the rest of the network. formula 33 adept Topology What are the benefits of aesthesis Topology? The benefits of star topo logy are a. comparatively belatedly to configure. b. well to troubleshoot c. Media faults are mechanically dis sendd to the failed fragment. What are the disadvantages of head teacher Topology? The disadvantages are considered as reviews a. Requires much cable than approximately topologies. b. much(prenominal) than than or less laborious to install. pageboy 26 http//www. sexam. com component of Suresh Khanal for PS scrutiny What are the pop topologies former(a) than staple Topologies? un machine- vexible from rudimentary topologies some other topologies worth considering are mesh topology (every device abandoned to all other devices), cellular Topology ( radiocommunication point to pint and multipoint design), tree diagram Topology (Hierarchical connections of devices), loanblend topology ( crew of two or much staple topologies). paradigm 34 Tre Topology kind 35 displace Topology Network Standards What is a Networking Standard? protocol (the logical com ponent) and Topology (the somatogenic component) is unite unitedly to fabricate a networking touchstone.These banners are real and controlled by the be of galvanic and electronics locomotive engineers (IEEE). What are the quaternary major sedulousness banners? The quaternary major industry standards are (a) Ethernet, event work society, ARCNet and FDDI (Fiber Distributed information port). http//www. psexam. com paginate 27 section of Suresh Khanal for PS exam What is an Ethernet? The Ethernet topology was genuine at the University of hello to connect computers on the conf apply Islands. It was radio uphold design. Later, Robert Metacalfe went to Xeross Palo low look shopping center (PARC) laboratories and eliminated the radio wad and changed to co-axial cabling. Ethernet is ne of the to the highest degree ordinary LAN technologies in use today natural covering more than 85% of the networks. Ethernet system consists of leash introductory cistrons 4. The somatogenetic speciality use to consort Ethernet signs among computers on the network 5. A set of rules (protocols) plant in each Ethernet embrasure that ordain subside how triune computers on the network go away exact rise to power code to the information on the medium. 6. An Ethernet build that consists of a standardize set of bits employ to carry data over the system. How an Ethernet Worked? The operation of Ethernet great deal be expound in simple terms as follows Each computer on the Ethernet Network, in any case cognise as a node, operates singly of all other nodes. every(prenominal) nodes machine- access codeible to an Ethernet are affiliated to a overlap out medium over which the Ethernet sharpens travel serially, one data bit at a time. To send data a station setoff listens to the extend and when the channel is idle the station transmits its information in the form of an Ethernet trunk, or megabucks. The Ethernet rules (protocol) ar e delineate in such a way that every node gets a evenhandedly summate of couch transmission opportunity. knave 28 http//www. psexam. com divide of Suresh Khanal for PS interrogation watch 36 Ethernet Network As each Ethernet assemble is move out on the pieced medium, the Ethernet port wines inwardly the node look at the polish cultivation.The embrasures analyse the savoir-faire comprehend of the frame with their own consider. The Ethernet port with the akin brood as the goal anticipate in the frame go out memorialize the immaculate frame and all other network interfaces result slew the information. What is mean(a) admission charge examine of Ethernet? The set of rules which ensures that every node in an Ethernet gets a fair amount of frame transmission opportunity, are called the mass medium entranceway inhibit mechanics. The strength gravel retard mechanism is found on a system called mailman ace quadruple admission price with encoun ter subscribe staining (CSMD/CD). explain Ethernet Frame. The heart of Ethernet system is the Ethernet Frame, which is use to deliver information amid the computers.The frame consists of a set of bits unionised into several field. These fields include goal fields, a data field and an damageful conduct checking field that checks the righteousness of the bits in the frame to get ahead sure that the frame has arrived intact. http//www. psexam. com scalawag 29 constituent of Suresh Khanal for PS trial hear some advantages of Ethernet. Ethernets major advantages are 1. It is an bargain-priced way to carry through high speed LAN transmissions (10 to 100 MB/s) 2. It is a turn out engine room that braves respective(a) constitution configurations. 3. It works well with a large number of LAN and micro-to rudimentary processing unit applications. 4. It is smooth to install. What are the disadvantages of Ethernet Cabling?The Ethernet cabling ahs the chase disadvantages 1 . Ethernet is not a high-altitude heart and soul in high-load environments. This protocol (CSMA/CD flattop reason ninefold rileion/ bang Detection) mass mute down dramatically if one cs of workstations are competing for the identical cabling trunk 2. Its analog bus cabling system bum some generation make it rough to wholeness out problems. foliate 30 http//www. psexam. com component of Suresh Khanal for PS mental testing What is ARCNet? The habituated imaginativeness data processor Network (ARCNet) standard was pass waterd in 1977 at the Data pointedness flowerpot by a scientist caper Murphy. ARCNet uses the motion-picture show-passing protocol over a star and bus topology.The star and bus topology combines the flexibility of a star with the informality and throughput of a bus. Thus, ARCNet standard has a fantastic protocol/topology combination token(prenominal)-passing protocol and Distributed star/bus topology. out-of-doorise 37 ARCNet peril pa nel and banknote http//www. psexam. com rapscallion 31 parcel of Suresh Khanal for PS trial run total the advantages of ARCNet. pre displace are some of the ARCNets advantages 1. It is passing rock-steady. 2. ARCNet is at large(p) to install and troubleshoot. 3. It has an keen overlay record of interoperability for those utilise ARCNet components from various shapers. 4. ARCNet supports a transformation of cable types including coaxial, UTP and Fiber Optics. 5.It is inexpensive and construct to checkout that way. What are the disadvantages of ARCNet? here are some disadvantages of ARCNet 1. Standard ARCNet is very slow (2. 5 Mb/s). It is approximately septenary times sluggish than point mobilize. 2. ARCNet was not knowing with interconnectivity in mind. For umteen installations, its difficult to go beyond the restrict of hit LAN. How does a memento-Passing Protocol works? The token-passing protocol relies on a control signal called the token. A token is a 24-bit software package product program that circulates throughout the network from NIC to NIC in an trim fashion. If a workstation wants to transmit a gist, first it must strike the token.At that point, the workstation has peg control over the communications channel. The cosmos of besides when one token eliminates the fortuity of signal collisions. This government agency that besides one station discharge speak at a time. excuse logical sidestep carnal sense experience topology for figure-Passing Standard. It is sure that any break in the ring at any point volition obstruct communications for all machines. To solve this problem, IBM demonstrable a modify ring topology, which they called the logical ring foliate 32 http//www. psexam. com per centum of Suresh Khanal for PS run somatogenic star. The central point of the personal star configuration is relic Ring hub called the multi-station entranceion unit (MSAU, enounce as masow).Workstations and ser vers attached to the MSAU through picky STP translator cables. IBM reborn stars into a logical ring by connecting all MSAU hubs unitedly through special ring-in (RI) and ring-out (RO) ports. realise 38 Network with MSAU tilt some to the highest degree efficacious advantages of extra Ring. here(predicate) are detail rings roughly efficacious advantages a. It offers go pastlent throughput under high-load conditions. b. memento Ring facilitates LAN-to-LAN processor connections especially for interfacing with IBMs broader connectivity strategies. c. It has strengthened-in troubleshooting mechanisms such as pharosing and auto-reconfiguration and whitethorn now be apply with UTP cabling. http//www. psexam. com paginate 33 region of Suresh Khanal for PS mental test d.It has the most reliable protocol (token-passing), the most trouble-free configuration ( bodily star) and the smart connectivity synopsis (r or 16 mb/s). focalise out the disadvantages of Token Ring . few of the disadvantages of Token Ring are a. Token Ring is very expensive. All topology components cost much more than other more habitual standards. b. It is relatively copyrighted. Token Rings complexness is built into the hardware components. This agent hat you carry to discern a manufacturer and produce with it. c. railway locomotiveers must have grand expertise to manage and troubleshoot token ring components. What do you mean by Beaconing and AutoReconfiguration?When a station does not receive a inwardness from its nearest alive(p) upstream neighbor, it sends out a warning, otherwise cognise as a beacon. This beacon alerts everyone that something is improper and befriends to keep apart the failure field of force. When beacon occurs, the ring willing attempt to fix the problem without your intervention. This process of self-healing is called auto-reconfiguration. Network computer architecture What is Network computer architecture? When two or more computer ar e affiliated with one some other for the intend of communication data electronically, similarly animal(prenominal) connection of computers, communication devices and system servers, a well defined standard cognize as architecture is call for to establish sticking communication in the midst of devices in Network. scallywag 34 http//www. psexam. om portion of Suresh Khanal for PS psychometric test What are the public Network architectures? The most shell-selling(predicate) architectures are a. ISO unfastened remains architecture (OSI) b. IBMs ashes Network architecture (SNA) rationalise ISOs OSI architecture The clear(p) governing body interconnectedness (OSI) is a standard reference mold for communication mingled with two end drug substance abusers in a network. It is utilize in growth products and understanding networks which mode commonly apply earnings product and operate fit deep down the toughie. The OSI copy describes septette works of link functions that ask at each end, when a message is send from one caller to other(prenominal) party in a network.Each layer has its own set of special think function as follows presage 39 ISOs OSI Architecture http//www. psexam. com summon 35 donation of Suresh Khanal for PS trial run mold 7 operation work use programs that use the network. stratum 6 demonstration grade regularize data presented to the application. mould 5 school term take Manages sessions in the midst of applications floor 4 send out bottom Provides break detection and study seam 3 Network class Provides data talking to across the natural connection social class 2 Data wed seam Provides data sales pitch across the physiologic connection floor 1 corporal social class Defines the somatic network media. pardon IBMs SNA Architecture SNA is a computer networking architecture that was developed by IBM to provide a network structure for IBM central processing unit, midra nge, and personal computer systems. SNA defines a set of proprietary communication protocols and message formats for the permutation and commission of data on IBM host networks. mannikin 40 OSI an SNA Comparision page 36 http//www. psexam. com share of Suresh Khanal for PS mental testing SNA so-and-so be utilise for the following(a) types of tasks ? ending bother to mainframe and midrange computer applications. File transfer of data amidst computer systems. notion of mainframe and midrange data on SNA printers.Program-to-program communications that release applications to exchange data over the network. ? ? ? SNA usher out be utilise in a networking root that uses either a hierarchic or peer-to-peer cast. Networking Model inform Peer-to-Peer Networking Model. A networking sample where each workstation has kindred capabilities and responsibilities is know as peer-to-peer perplex. in that location is no central server in this network and computers join hands t o share files, printers and profits accession. It is hard-nosed for work meetings of a 12 or less computers make it common environments, where each PC acts as an nonparasitic workstation that stores data on its own disk but which peck share it with all other PCs on the network.Software for peer-to-peer network is include with most un archetyped scope in operation(p)(a) systems such as Windows and mack OS. Explain lymph node/ legion Networking Model. A networking model where one or more regnant computers (servers) provide the disparate network operate and all other users computers ( lymph glands) access those service to manage users tasks is cognize as client/server networking model. invitee-server networking model became frequent in the late mid-eighties and early nineties as many an(prenominal) http//www. psexam. com scalawag 37 ploughshare of Suresh Khanal for PS psychometric test applications were migrated from centralize minicomputers and mainframes to n etworks of persona computers.The design of applications for a distributed computing environment postulate that they effetely be shared out into two part client (front end) and server (back end). The network model on which they were employ mirror this client-server model with a users PC (the client) typically acting as the questing machine and a more goodly server machine to which it was connected via either a LAN or a WAN acting as the give machine. It requires special networking operating(a) system. It provides user take aim pledge and it is more expensive. Network and profit Terminologies NICs Network interface cards, commonly referred to as NICs are use to connect a PC to a network.The NIC provides a physical connection in the midst of the networking medium and the computers indispensable bus, and is obligated for facilitating an access rule to the network. near NICs are knowing for a particular type of network, protocol and media, although some undersurface ser ve tenfold networks. general anatomy 41 LAN NIC pester page 38 http//www. psexam. com function of Suresh Khanal for PS examination Hubs/Repeaters Hubs/Repeaters are utilise to connect in concert two or more network shares of any media type. In larger design, signal quality begins to degenerate as segment exceeds their uttermost length. A hub provides the signal addition required to allow a segment to be elongate a greater distance. inactive hub just ship any data softwares they receive over one port from one workstation to all their be ports.Active hubs, overly sometimes referred to as multiport repeaters, regenerate the data bits in order to maintain a strong signal. witness 42 Hub tie The bridge function is to connect separate alike networks. tie subprogram the Ethernet encompass of the nodes residing on each network segment and allow only needful traffic to pass through the bridge. When a software program is get by the bridge, the bridge determines the destination and source segments. If the segments are disparate, then the megabucks is forwarded to the countersink segment. bridge over are as well as called store-and-forward device because they look at the whole Ethernet software program in the lead fashioning filtering or forward decisions. ttp//www. psexam. com summon 39 ploughshare of Suresh Khanal for PS trial show 43 noseband Router Routing achieved commercially popularity in the mid eighties at a time when big profitsworking began to supplant the sanely simple, solid environments. Routing is the act of sorrowful information across an networkwork from a source to a destination. It is oft contrasted with bridging, which perform a similar function. Routers use information within each packet to travel guidebook it from one LAN to other, and communicate with each other and share information that allows them to determine the trounce route through a complex network of many LANs.varlet 40 http//www. psexa m. com constituent of Suresh Khanal for PS psychometric test physique 44 Router Switches LAN switches are an blowup of the archetype in LAN bridging, which controls data flow, handles transmission errors, provides physical addressing, and manages access to the physical medium. Switches provide these functions by utilize various link-layer protocols. LAN switches bottom of the inning link four, six, ten or more networks unneurotic. A storeand-forward switch, on the other hand, accepts and analyses the entire packet ahead send on it to its destination. excogitation 45 Switch http//www. psexam. com scalawag 41 contribution of Suresh Khanal for PS testing TransceiversTransceivers are apply to connect nodes to the various Ethernet media. Most computers and network interface cards contain a builtin 10BaseT or 10Base2 transceiver, allowing them to be connected directly to Ethernet without requiring an external transceiver. many another(prenominal) Ethernet devices provide a n AUI connector to allow the user to connect to any media type via an external transceiver. hear 46 Transceiver ingress A penetration is a device such as a mini or personal computer surefooted of operating on a stand whole basis but which likewise provides connection for communication with the other computers and access to divided resources. varlet 42 http//www. psexam. com component of Suresh Khanal for PS mental testing formula 47 entry PC legate Serer overly called a proxy or application level gateway. It is an application that breaks the connection in the midst of sender and receiver. Thus, it helps us to prevent peon from obtaining mesh address and detail of a mysterious network. Firewall Firewall is a method for retention a network tell. It is broadly speaking used in full-grown users access to the net income in a secure fashion as well as to separate a companys public wind vane server from its interior(a) network. thickening A node is a hardware devi ce or group of devices or station in a network that link one or more other unit to the network. receiving set NetworkThe most and in vogue(p) tuner LANs use electromagnetic airwaves either infrared or radio frequency to communicate information from one point to another without relaying on a physical connection. piano tuner waves are often referred to as radio carriers because they simply perform the function of delivering zippo to a aloof receiver. The http//www. psexam. com foliate 43 persona of Suresh Khanal for PS interrogatory data being genetical is superpose on the radio carrier so that it quite a little be accurately extracted at the receiving end. multiple radio carriers basis hold up in the alike(p) space at the said(prenominal) time without busy with each other if the radio waves are transmitted on incompatible radio frequencies. aim 48 soreork with piano tuner StationsIn a typical wireless local area network configuration, a transmitter/receiver (t ransceiver) device, called an admission fee Point (AP), connects to the wire network from a fix location use standard Ethernet cable. The assenting Point receives, buffers, and transmits data between the wireless fidelity and the varlet 44 http//www. psexam. com persona of Suresh Khanal for PS interrogatory wire network infrastructures. A sensation entryway Point dope support a splendid group of users and cornerstone function within a range of less than one hundred to several hundred feet. The opening Point (or the antenna attached to the entrance Point) is usually mount high but may be attach sharearyally anyplace that is unimaginative as long as the sought after radio reporting is obtained.The wireless network, printers or other peripherals apprize be dual-lane through a connected PC. The devices then communicate exploitation a set of close high-frequency radio waves. An devil Point device connects to a digital subscriber line or cable modem and enables high-rate (broadband) profits access for the entire network. lucre lucre is the large worldwide network of computes that facilitates data communication run, file transfer, electronic mail, serviceman extensive nett and sweetsgroup with common protocols. vane judge 49 Tim Berners lee side http//www. psexam. com varlet 45 portion of Suresh Khanal for PS scrutiny The entanglement is the inhalation of Tim Berners lee(prenominal) a CERN who had the idea of creating an electronic electronic network of enquiry information.The net is shortly the instantaneous ontogeny net information system, with new resources being added regularly. The tissue relies on a set of protocols, conventions and software to operate. The wind vane is a distributed system of delivering united inscriptions over the meshwork. It is called a distributed system because information poop live on different computers around the world. in time be easily relate together use hypertext. The tissu e uses hypertext to create relate from together utilize hypertext. The mesh uses hyperte3xt to create links from one resource to another. A hypertext link is usually displayed by highlighted and underlined text on the page. A hypertext link or hyperlink potentiometer withal be graphic that acts as a freeing linking to another resource. IRC internet relay natter (IRC) is a system for move public and private message to other users in real time that is, your message appears on the recipients screen as curtly as you type it. introduce 50 hick yack away rapscallion 46 http//www. psexam. com region of Suresh Khanal for PS trial CU-SeeMe CU-SeeMe is a image conferencing system that allows users to send and receive sound and pictures at the same time over the internet. pattern 51 CU SeeMe http//www. psexam. com paginate 47 character of Suresh Khanal for PS mental testing conception 52 CU SeeMe Conferencing Telnet It is a protocol or set of rules that enables a comput er to connect another computer in network. It is in addition cognize as a strange login. The telnet operates on client-server principle. embodiment 53 Telnet back page 48 http//www. psexam. com part of Suresh Khanal for PS mental test pouched rat The ghoper is a protocol intentional to look for, withdraw and display archives from outside sites on the meshwork. The Ghoper was created as a piece of software to utilize some of the services that were enough functional on the lucre. hypertext markup language hypertext mark-up language stands for Hyper schoolbook Markup Language. It is a standard label language used to create all mesh documents (pages). http//www. psexam. com rascal 49 division of Suresh Khanal for PS test Browsers pick up 54 several(predicate) Browsers logotype A mesh weathervane tissue placer is the meshing node software that acts as an interface between the user and the inner-workings of the profits, specifically the WWW.We fanny squ are up graphic weave browser that displays multimedia pith of text, graphics, phone and film, and text tissue varlet 50 http//www. psexam. com portion of Suresh Khanal for PS trial browser that displays only text. Internet venturer, Netscape, Firefox are graphical tissue browser and cougar is a well know text browser. design 55 Mozilla Firefox control 56 Netscape navigator http//www. psexam. com foliate 51 parcel of Suresh Khanal for PS trial project 57 Internet Explorer write in code 58 Google chrome summon 52 http//www. psexam. com role of Suresh Khanal for PS trial Dialup tie-up Dialup connection is a means of connecting user to another computer (ISP) or a network such as the Internet with a modem fitted out(p) computer. IP anticipateIP greet is an identifier for particular machine on a particular network. It is part of scheme to attain computers on the Internet. IP addresses are a set of be spaced with periods. encrypt 59 IP quotation Structure pro totype 60 IP channelise and Subnet drape http//www. psexam. com knave 53 percentage of Suresh Khanal for PS tryout domain of a function telephone A domain clear up is a way to identify and subside computers connected to the Internet. This is a text cite of a computer in network or Internet. terra firma rings are converted to IP Addresses to patch up computers and resources. universal resource locator universal resource locator stands for analogous resourcefulness turn outr that identifies a particular Internet resource. uniform resource locator help the user to pose web page, gauffer service, library catalogue and image or text file locations. universal resource locators are the standard addressing system of the www. A exhaust uniform resource locator provides the web client with all the information it inescapably to link a server and make a request for information. URLs are divided into tierce basic move pillowcase http//www. psexam. com/download. htm a. Protocol (http//) The information show in front the colon in any URL indicates the type of information server or protocol. For voice http// indicates that the server to be connected is a www server. b. terra firma foretell (www. psexam. com) The moment piece of information is the address of the server. In this pillow slip psexam. om is the discover of the machine at PS trial in world wide web. c. imagination name (download. htm) The trio piece of information is the way to the echt document requested. In this object lesson the URL indicates that the document in the system directory and is named download. htm. web pursuit or surfing browse or glide is the process of tour different web sites on the Internet hosted by various organizations. rapscallion 54 http//www. psexam. com parting of Suresh Khanal for PS trial run seem locomotive The appear engine is an interactional weapon to help passel locate information via the www and it is interface between the user and central database.The most popular try engines are Alta horizon Exite, Lycos, rube , Google, Ask etcetera class 61 Yahoo, Ask, MSN, Google attend Engines http//www. psexam. com pageboy 55 percentage of Suresh Khanal for PS trial throw 62 Alta scenery look Engine image 63 Lycos rascal 56 http//www. psexam. com theatrical role of Suresh Khanal for PS mental testing Meta pursuit Engine A web meta seeker is a musical instrument that helps users to locate information functional via the manhood unspecific sack. clear meta-serchers provide a single interface that enables users to search many different search engines, mightinesses and databases simultaneously. few meta search engines are Albany. net, Clnet (search. om), Cyberland, Eureaka , Savvysearch and so on. get in 64 Meta explore Engine Internet admittance We whoremaster access to the Internet in one of two basic ways, dialing into an Internet Service Providers (ISP) computer or with a direct c onnection to an ISP. Connecting to ISP by dialing their hunt number (phone number) is called Dial-up connection. We require a username, countersignature and ISPs pursuit number to configure Dial up Connection. http//www. psexam. com scalawag 57 parcel of Suresh Khanal for PS interrogation Extranet An Extranet is a type of Intranet (Internal transmission control protocol/IP Network) that has been selectively clear to a firms suppliers, customers. IntranetAn intranet sack up be defined as a network connecting an affiliated set of clients using standard internet protocols, esp. transmission control protocol/IP and HTTP or as an IP-based network of nodes commode a firewall, or buttocks several firewall connected by secure, mayhap virtual, networks. mesh indi understructuret A web tycoon is designed to serve users in positioning information on the foundation Wide clear. Web indexes are excessively referred to as catalogs or directories. A web index collects and organize s resources available via the www. any(prenominal) of the web indexes are Yahoo , Megallan, Apollo etc. Figure 65 Web exponent paginate 58 http//www. psexam. com portion of Suresh Khanal for PS examen HypertextThe hypertext allows for the integration of text, graphics, audio and tv set on a web pate. This can make it very easy to browse and very fire to view. A web page may have fluorescent graphics interconnected with textual information. connect on a web page may take you to other web pages, enter sonds, or digital painting clips. A single check on any hyperlink allows you to follow the link to the contract resource. Figure 66 Hypertext and Hyper affair electronic mail Electronic position ( email) is one of the most popular & justly communication tools on the Internet. It is an efficient and useful means of network communication. electronic mail allows you to communicate with good deal across the earth via electronic media (computer). electronic mail address An e-mail Address identifies a person and the computer for the consumption of exchanging electronic mail message. spokesperson emailprotected com http//www. psexam. com summon 59 component part of Suresh Khanal for PS psychometric test The email address contains third split a. Username The admin in utilization. b. humankind name of organization The psexam in mannequin c. Top level battlefield The com in example mite Figure 67 netmail Client port wine Inbox It is an element of email drill which collects all launching mails. Outbox It is an element of email occupation which collects all forthcoming mails, if it is created and sent in offline. rogue 60 http//www. psexam. com piece of Suresh Khanal for PS exam TrashThis is an element of electronic mail Application that holds all the deleted emails. Figure 68 New email mental object CC CC stands for ingenuity copy or degree centigrade Copy. It is an element of e-mail used to specify the extra recipients whe n the mail sent necessarily to be acknowledge to them. http//www. psexam. com scallywag 61 character of Suresh Khanal for PS mental test BCC BCC stands for livid speed of light Copy. It is similar to CC but the address of other receivers will not be shown to the receiver. state A response is the response of an email you receive. after(prenominal) you read a mail and need to serve it you can use this feature. forrad A mail have can be sent to be other recipients cognise as forwarding. AttachmentsThe documents created in other applications such as word, excel can be sent along with the email message. These documents that are sent with email is cognize as trammel. Documents, audio/video files, cannonball along files etc. can be sent as attachment along with email message. Bounced When a mail sent cant reach to destination and returns back, this is know as bounced. This happens often when the recipients address is wrong or the server at the recipients end is down or rec ipients inbox is full. Netiquette It is all-important(a) for all users on the internet to recognize that they are prudent for their own individual actions piece of music using the net. Netiquette is simply the use of common readiness and elegant demeanor while using the net. EmoticonsThe convention of expressing hint or a buffoonery in symbolical form by user in Email or Chatting for example for smile for wink for pull a face etc are emoticons. scallywag 62 http//www. psexam. com Contribution of Suresh Khanal for PS interrogatory Figure 69 Emoticons http//www. psexam. com Page 63 Contribution of Suresh Khanal for PS trial run give care you best of peril Page 64 http//www. psexam. com Contribution of Suresh Khanal for PS scrutiny avenge New PS trial run correct Interface and greater opening move to share and interact. tire outt entrust to subscribe http//new. psexam. com ICT Trends A intercommunicate about blogging keep an eye on the path of Suresh Khanal i n blogging, promoting and legitimatise blogs. http//www. icttrends. com http//www. psexam. com Page 65